The six elements normally included in the group are all transition metals with some similar chemical and physical properties. Bleiwas introduction platinum group metals pgms include platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, osmium, and iridium. These metals have similar physical and chemical properties and occur together in nature. Platinum and palladium are both essential and precious metals. Twc, which are comprised of platinum group metals pgms namely, platinum pt, palladium pd and rhodium rh. The international platinum group metals association ipa is a nonprofit association that represents the worldwide leading mining, production and fabrication companies in the global platinum group metals more. Extractive metallurgy of nickel, cobalt and platinum group metals. At brimsdown this operation is mainly carried out in a blast furnace, although sixton platinum metals rev. This paper aims to account whether current platinum resources can support future fuel cell vehicle deployment for 140 countries for the period 20002100 by estab. The solid leach residue contains 15 to 20 percent platinum group metals.
Leaching and recovery of platinum group metals from ug2 concentrates yields were not good less than 40 per cent. The following figure, also from the pfs, shows the 8km strike and identifies the different mineralised zones. Platinum group metals encyclopedia of the elements wiley. It is dominated by the catalytic properties of the metals. Waterberg 2016 prefeasibility study confirms a large, low cash cost per ounce pgm mine. The platinum group of metals pgm are platinum, iridium, palladium, ruthenium, rhodium and osmium. While an acronym for the platinum group metals, it refers within the confines of this guide, and following general market convention, to widely traded platinum and palladium solely. The primary production of platinum group metals pgms. The properties of pge, such as high melting points, corrosion resistance, and catalytic qualities, make them indispensable to many industrial applications. Review chemical and electrochemical depositions of platinum. The six platinum group metals pgms occur together in nature alongside nickel and copper.
Hall, centre for heavy metals research, school of chemistry, university of sydney, nsw 2006, australia the eighth international conference on the chemistry of the platinum group metals provided an ideal opportunity for researchers to report their. The catalytic properties of the six platinum group metals pgm iridium, osmium, palladium, platinum, rhodium, and ruthenium are outstanding. Efficient, low cost synthesis of sodium platinum bronze na x pt 3 o 4. Dec 05, 2018 abstract the article contains sections titled.
The platinum group metals pgms palladium, platinum, and rhodium represent the key materials for automotive exhaust gas treatment. View plg business summary and other industry information. Minerals are often used interchangeably, and incorrectly, in the processing and metallurgical literature. The chemistry of platinum group metals is a rapidly expanding commercially important field. Operated by makwiro platinum mines, owned 70% by zimbabwe platinum mines zimplats and 30% by the south african mining company, impala platinum, ngezi has replaced the failed hartley operation, which was developed by australian companies bhp and delta gold in the mid1990s. Virtually all platinum group metals are recovered from copper or nickel sulfide minerals, which are concentrated by flotation separation. Platinum leaching was particularly poor with cyanide ambient temperature. The book covers recent developments in the chemistry of the six platinum group metals, namely, platinum, palladium, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium and osmium. Leaching and recovery of platinum group metals from ug2. Exceptionally rare, the six metals naturally occur in the same ore bodies.
Overview of pgm processing anglo american platinum. Platinumgroup metalsworld supply and demand by david r. Among these metals, pt is the most active catalyst and is used both as an oxidation and as a reduction catalyst. Platinum metals in biological and medicinal chemistry by matthew d.
Platinum platinum group metals pgms are recovered through underground and open pit mining from polymetallic sulphide ores containing pgms, nickel, copper and other metals. These elements are all transition metals in the dblock groups 8, 9, and 10, periods 5 and 6. They are highly durable and, due to their high value, often recycled, giving them long life cycles. Certain amount of nickel, cobalt and platinum group metals are produced from recycled end of used scrap. Located about 150km southwest of harare, ngezi is zimbabwes principal platinum group metals producer. They also occur in the mineral cooperite and in igneous rocks pohl, 2011.
Pd is used as an oxidation catalyst and rh, as a reduction one. Platinum group metals ltd 23 may 2019 arlington group 3 source. These metals, along with silver and gold, share a generally high resistance to chemical attack and. Mineable deposits of pgms are very rare, with annual production amounting to around 400 tonnes, several orders of magnitude lower than many common metals. Extractive metallurgy of nickel, cobalt and platinum group. Palladium, rhodium and ruthenium are lighter, palladium having about the same density as silver. Analysis of platinum group metals with the icap 7400 icpoes. Refining approaches in the platinum group metal processing value. Platinum is a heavy, precious metal, graywhite in color and noncorrosive. These methods help in conservation of energy and earths resources.
Since there are currently no adequate alternatives, the importance of these metals for the automotive industry is steadily rising. Purchase extractive metallurgy of nickel, cobalt and platinum group metals 1st edition. Due to increasing chrome content in the feed and the challenges associated with operating high chrome feed, alternative routes to smelting of pgm are. Get breaking news and analysis on platinum group metals ltd. Ipa international platinum group metals association home. The recovery mechanism of platinum group metals from catalytic converters in spent automotive exhaust systems. Dec 10, 2018 the platinum group metals pgms are six transitional metal elements that are chemically, physically, and anatomically similar. Review chemical and electrochemical depositions of. Multiple shallow depth, low operating cost projects. Imports for consumption of platinumgroup metals pgms, including waste and scrap, were 14,200 kilograms kg in march. They regarded platinum as an unwanted impurity in the silver they were mining. Metal separation and recovery in hydrometallurgy, e. While we expect this premium to expand, the case for favoring platinum versus gold is somewhat.
About 80% of the worlds reserves for platinum group metals pgms are in south africas bushveld igneous complex. What are some identifying marks on a platinum ring. The terminology is confused further by pgm being referred to as platinum group metals which is strictly correct but often leads to the abbreviation of pgm, which refers to. The high value of pgms in spent catalysts justifies their recycling. Uses platinumgroup metals the national academies press. Organoplatinumii complexes with 2acetylthiophene thiosemicarbazone. Work program in progress view more feb 27, 20 platinum group metals announces waterberg project funding and amendment of impala platinum s purchase and development option view more. The reduction mechanism for an electrochemical deposition of a simple solvated metal salt is shown in scheme 1 7 and this mechanism can be extended to other ligand coordinated metal systems. The solid leach residue contains 15 to 20 percent platinumgroup metals.
Hydroflux crystal growth of platinum group metal hydroxides. Platinum group metals waterberg pgm project a pgm exploration and development company focused on lowcost bulk mechanized mining overview of platinum group metals ltd. Platinumgroup metalsworld supply and demand us geological. Smelting of the concentrate produces a matte that is leached of copper and nickel sulfides in an autoclave. The six platinum group metals pgm are chemically very similar. Processing of pgm involves comminution, flotation, smelting, converting, base metals refinery and precious metals refinery. Charlesworth marthc kuqtenhurg refiners ik limited, roston, england to extract the platinum group metals from ore, and to refine them to the very high purity required for their many applications. They may be considered a subset of the precious metals.
Pdf the recovery mechanism of platinum group metals from. Platinum pt, palladium pd, rhodium rh and ruthenium ru are the most prevalent of the six pgms. Naturally occurring platinum and platinumrich alloys have been known for a long time. This book can be broadly divided into four parts, which is extractive metallurgy ofnickel, cobalt, platinum group of metals, and recycling of these metals. Unfortunately, this book cant be printed from the openbook. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days. Synthesis, characterization, crystal structures, and in vitro antitumor activity. Platinumgroup element an overview sciencedirect topics. Pdf on jul 4, 2018, bongephiwe mpilonhle thethwayo and others published extraction of platinum group metals find, read and cite all the. Platinum group element transport was probably by chloride complexes in moderately acidic and strongly oxidizing fluids of relatively.
A hclchlorine leach on untreated material had the same effect as a cyanide leach with a nitric acid preleach. The platinum group metals or pgms are a set of six transition metals that share similar properties. The primary production of platinum group metals ipa. View realtime stock prices and stock quotes for a full financial overview. Western bushveld jv wbjv project 1 waterberg joint venture significant mineral inventory. Usgs mineral resources program platinumgroup elementsso. Neely, statistical assistant, and the world production table was. Anticancer cyclometalated complexes of platinum group metals and gold. Platinum, iridium and osmium are the densest known metals, platinum being 11 per cent denser than gold and about twice the weight of the same volume of silver or lead. Chemistry of the platinum group metals, volume 11 1st. Platinumgroup metals pgms include platinum, palladium, rhodium. Platinumgroup metals statistics and information usgs. The platinum group metals are clustered together on the periodic table, plus these metals tend to be found together in minerals.
Platinum group elements pges platinum group elements are mined from mafic and ultramafic igneous rocks, in alluvial and placer deposits, hydrothermal veins, and contact mineralization deposits. The global focus on reducing the worlds carbon footprint, and the move to electrification and green technologies, signals strong growth for a diversified project portfolio that includes natural gas for lng, the energyrelated metals copper, nickel, zinc, cobalt and pges, and gold. The platinum group metals, or pgms as they are sometimes referred to, are a collective of metals grouped together in the middle of the periodic table. Platinum group metals including pt, ru, rh, ir, and pd are considered the most important her electrocatalysts, located near the apex of the volcano plot, as depicted in fig. If you need to print pages from this book, we recommend downloading it as a pdf. The platinum group metals pgms are six transitional metal elements that are chemically, physically, and anatomically similar.
There are large deposits of platinum group elements in the merensky and upper group 2 reefs in south africa south africa. Immiscible sulfide liquid saturates the magma and attracts pges along with copper and nickel zientek, 2012. Platinumgroup metal an overview sciencedirect topics. Our projects are located in the bushveld complex in south africa, surrounded by 70% of the worlds platinum production. Securing platinumgroup metals for transport lowcarbon. Bleiwas introduction platinumgroup metals pgms include platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, osmium, and iridium. On the other hand, most of the metals are active and combine with air, moisture, carbon dioxide and non metals like oxygen, sulphur, halogens, etc. Recovery of palladium catalysts from organic process streams. Hall, centre for heavy metals research, school of chemistry, university of sydney, nsw 2006, australia the eighth international conference on the chemistry of the platinum group metals provided. The platinum group elements pge include platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium, and osmium. The platinum group metals pgm are located in the 5th and 6th rows of the transition metal section of the periodic table. For example gold, silver, mercury and platinum occur in free state. Virtually all platinumgroup metals are recovered from copper or nickel sulfide minerals, which are concentrated by flotation separation. The terms pge platinum group elements and pgm platinum group.
They are useful in petrochemical and general chemical plants and are becoming increasingly important as autocatalysts for pollution control. Platinum s wear and tarnish resistance characteristics are well suited for making fine jewelry. Chemistry of the platinum group metals, volume 11 1st edition. Firstly, the occurrence, extraction and use of the metals, especially in catalysis, electrochemistry, energy. As mentioned previously, a key attraction of the project is the potential to. South africa is the largest producer of pgms, followed by russia.
Separating the platinum group metals by liquidliquid extraction new process has potential economic advantages over conventional selective precipitation by p. Separating the platinum group metals by liquidliquid. The catalytic properties of the six platinum group metals pgm iridium, osmium, palladium, platinum, rhodium, and ruthenium are. However, due to the limited reserve, it is critical to evaluate whether global platinum resources can meet the increasing demand. Pdf extraction of platinum group metals researchgate. Reports impalas waterberg amended purchase and development option agreement completed. The high usage as well as relatively poor effectiveness of noble metals in unsupported noble metal electrocatalysts. Current practice for the recovery of platinum group metals pgm from flotation concentrates is by energyintensive smelting processes followed by separation and refining of the base and precious. Plg stock, price quote and chart, trading and investing tools. Generally, this group is assumed to include platinum, palladium.
The primary production of platinum group metals pgms introduction the six platinum group metals pgms occur together in nature alongside nickel and copper. Platinums wear and tarnish resistance characteristics are well suited for making fine jewelry. These deposits were formed from silicate magma intrusions. Being a niche market and with limited aboveground stocks, there is a potential for significant price spikes in case of a mismatch in its. Pgms are used in a wide variety of applications such as vehicle catalysts for controlling.